Cobalt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Appearance
hard lustrous gray metal
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General properties
Name, symbol, number
cobalt, Co, 27 |
Element category
transition metal |
Group, period, block
9, 4, d
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Standard atomic weight
58.933195(5) g·mol−1
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Electron configuration
[Ar] 4s2 3d7 |
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 15, 2 (Image) |
Physical properties
Color
metallic gray |
Density (near r.t.)
8.90 g·cm−3
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Liquid density at m.p.
7.75 g·cm−3 |
Melting point
1768 K, 1495 °C, 2723 °F
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Boiling point
3200 K, 2927 °C, 5301 °F
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Heat of fusion
16.06 kJ·mol−1
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Heat of vaporization
377 kJ·mol−1
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Specific heat capacity
(25 °C) 24.81 J·mol−1·K−1 |
Vapor pressure
P/Pa |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T/K |
1790 |
1960 |
2165 |
2423 |
2755 |
3198 |
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Atomic properties
Oxidation states
5, 4 , 3, 2, 1, -1[1] (amphoteric oxide) |
Electronegativity
1.88 (Pauling scale) |
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 760.4 kJ·mol−1
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2nd: 1648 kJ·mol−1 |
3rd: 3232 kJ·mol−1 |
Atomic radius
125 pm
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Covalent radius
126±3 (low spin), 150±7 (high spin) pm |
Miscellanea
Crystal structure
hexagonal |
Magnetic ordering
ferromagnetic |
Electrical resistivity
(20 °C) 62.4 nΩ·m |
Thermal conductivity
(300 K) 100 W·m−1·K−1 |
Thermal expansion
(25 °C) 13.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
Speed of sound (thin rod)
(20 °C) 4720 m/s
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Young's modulus
209 GPa |
Shear modulus
75 GPa |
Bulk modulus
180 GPa |
Poisson ratio
0.31 |
Mohs hardness
5.0 |
Vickers hardness
1043 MPa |
Brinell hardness
700 MPa |
CAS registry number
7440-48-4 |
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of cobalt
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Cobalt (pronounced /ˈkoʊbɒlt/ KOH-bolt)[2] is a hard, lustrous, gray metal, a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt-based colors and pigments have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and miners have long used the name kobold ore for some minerals.
Cobalt occurs in various metallic-lustered ores, for example cobaltite (CoAsS), but is mainly produced as a by-product of copper and nickel mining. The copper belt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia yields most of the cobalt mined worldwide.
Cobalt is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys. Smalte (cobalt silicate glass) and cobalt blue (cobalt(II) aluminate, CoAl2O4) gives a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints, and varnishes. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a tracer and in the production of gamma rays for industrial use.
Cobalt is an essential trace element for all multicellular organisms as the active center of coenzymes called cobalamins. These include vitamin B-12 which is essential for mammals. Cobalt is also an active nutrient for bacteria, algae, and fungi, and may be a necessary nutrient for all life.